June 24, 2024 – June 25th marks as the anniversary of the 1975 National Emergency, a period widely regarded as one of the darkest chapters in Indian democracy. Incorporated by the Indira Gandhi government, the Emergency lasted for 21 months, from June 25, 1975, to March 21, 1977, following its issuance by then-President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed.
What is a National Emergency?
Under Article 352 of the Indian Constitution, a national emergency can be declared when there is a “grave threat” to the security of India or any of its territories due to war, external aggression, or armed rebellion. The 1975 Emergency was the third of its kind, following the first in 1962 during the Sino-Indian War and the second in 1971 during the Indo-Pakistani War.
Why is it Called a Black Day?
The night of June 25-26, 1975, when the Emergency was officially issued, is often referred to as a “black day” due to the severe curtailment of civil liberties that followed. The Emergency order granted Prime Minister Indira Gandhi the authority to rule by decree, leading to widespread arrests of opposition leaders, postponement of elections, suppression of anti-government protests, and stringent censorship of the press. The government even rewrote laws to consolidate its power.
Impact on Civil Liberties
During the Emergency, the democratic fabric of India was severely compromised. The government imposed strict measures to stifle dissent and maintain control. This period saw the suspension of fundamental rights, and many political opponents were detained without trial. The judiciary, too, faced unprecedented pressure, with its independence being significantly undermined.
The Emergency officially ended on March 21, 1977, leading to fresh elections. In a decisive turn of events, the Indian National Congress, led by Indira Gandhi, suffered a resounding defeat. The Janata Party, a coalition of opposition groups, emerged victorious, and Morarji Desai became the first non-Congress Prime Minister of India.
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