Understanding Colorectal Cancer: Risks, Symptoms, and Prevention

Dr. V S N Rao, Chief Radiation Oncologist,  Director – Medical Services & HOD – Radiation Oncology,HCG Cancer Centre, Vijayawada

Simple lifestyle changes can make a significant difference in preventing colorectal cancer. By incorporating healthy habits into our daily routine, we can reduce our risk and improve overall well-being. A balanced diet rich in fiber, regular exercise, maintaining a healthy weight, quitting smoking, and limiting alcohol consumption are all crucial steps in protecting ourselves against colorectal cancer. In addition to these lifestyle changes, understanding risk factors, recognizing symptoms, and undergoing regular screening can save lives.

Colorectal cancer, also known as colon cancer, is a type of cancer that affects the large intestine (colon) and rectum. It occurs when abnormal cells in the colon or rectum grow and multiply uncontrollably, forming tumors.

Risk Factors for Colorectal Cancer

Several factors increase the risk of developing colorectal cancer. Age is a significant factor, with risk increasing after 50 years. A family history of colorectal cancer or polyps in first-degree relatives also raises the risk. Additionally, genetic conditions such as familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) or hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) can increase susceptibility. Lifestyle factors, including a low-fiber, high-fat diet, physical inactivity, obesity, and smoking, also contribute to the risk.

Recognizing Symptoms of Colorectal Cancer

Early-stage colorectal cancer often has no symptoms. However, as the disease progresses, warning signs may appear. These include blood in the stool, changes in bowel movements, abdominal pain or cramping, weakness and fatigue, and unexplained weight loss. It is essential to seek medical attention if any of these symptoms persist.

The Importance of Screening and Diagnosis

Regular screening can detect colorectal cancer in its early stages, significantly improving treatment outcomes. Adults 50 and older should undergo colonoscopy every 10 years, while annual fecal occult blood tests (FOBT) and computed tomography (CT) colonography every five years are also recommended.

Prevention through Lifestyle Changes

Reducing the risk of colorectal cancer requires adopting healthy lifestyle habits. A balanced diet rich in fiber and low in fat, regular exercise of at least 30 minutes per day, maintaining a healthy weight, quitting smoking, and limiting alcohol consumption can significantly lower the risk.

Stages and Treatment Options for Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer is staged from I to IV, depending on the extent of tumor growth and spread. Treatment options vary based on the stage and severity of the disease. Surgery is often the primary treatment, involving the removal of tumors and affected tissue. Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapy may also be employed to kill cancer cells and prevent recurrence.

Current Research and Advances in Colorectal Cancer

Ongoing research focuses on genetic testing to identify high-risk individuals, immunotherapy to boost the immune response, and personalized medicine to tailor treatment approaches. These advancements hold promise for improving diagnosis, treatment, and patient outcomes. Colorectal cancer is a preventable and treatable disease.